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The idea of offering universal free school meals could become a policy issue in the U.S. presidential race, experts say — especially given Vice President Kamala Harris’ choice of Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz as her running mate on the Democratic ticket.
The federal government offered K-12 students free school meals — regardless of household income — for two years during the Covid-19 pandemic.
That policy has since ended. However, eight states have passed laws to continue offering free meals.
Among them is Minnesota. Walz, a former teacher, signed a bill in 2023 to provide breakfast and lunch to the state’s public school students at no charge, regardless of household income.
“Should Harris and Walz win the election, his role as vice president and his potential influence on universal school meals could be profound,” wrote Alexina Cather, policy director at Wellness in the Schools, an advocacy group for public school nutrition.
Harris, the Democratic presidential nominee, unveiled some details about her economic policy platform Friday.
School meals weren’t among them. But children and food feature in a few proposals: one to restore and enhance the value of a pandemic-era child tax credit, and another to enact the first-ever federal ban on “corporate price-gouging” on food and groceries.
A spokesperson for the Harris campaign didn’t respond to a request for comment.
The federal school lunch program has for decades provided meals for lower-income students. But universal free lunch advocates say it’s essential that free meals be provided for all students.
It helps school districts by reducing administrative burdens and, for students, eliminates “the stigma and shame tied to free and reduced-price meals, creating a level playing field for every child in the cafeteria,” said Alexis Bylander, interim director of child nutrition programs and policy at the Food Research & Action Center, or FRAC.
How the federal school lunch program works
The typical student pays $1.75 or $1.80 for a full-price breakfast at a school cafeteria, varying by grade level, according to the School Nutrition Association. Lunch typically costs $2.83 to $3.05, according to the group. Its data reflects the median price. Prices may be higher or lower based on school district.
The federal government currently subsidizes meal cost for certain students — based on criteria such as annual income — via initiatives such as the National School Lunch Program.
Under the NSLP, students in families with income at or below 130% of the federal poverty line qualify for a free meal.
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A family of three would need to make less than about $34,000 a year to qualify for free meals, according to Bylander.
Those at 130% to 185% of the poverty line are eligible for reduced-price meals. Such students don’t pay more than 30 cents for breakfast or 40 cents for lunch.
On average, about 20 million students — roughly 71% — ate free or reduced price lunches in 2023, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Former President Donald Trump signed legislation in March 2020 that allowed the U.S. Department of Agriculture to issue nationwide waivers that effectively made meals free for all kids in participating school districts.
That expansion was in place for the 2020-21 and 2021-22 school years.
The “vast majority” — about 90% — of U.S. school districts participated, according to the USDA. Schools were allowed to serve meals or deliver them even if they were closed during the pandemic.
Congress didn’t extend the policy for the 2022-23 school year.
Since then, eight states — California, Colorado, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico and Vermont — have passed laws to create universal free school meal programs, according to the Hunter College New York City Food Policy Center.
All those states are headed by Democrats, with the exception of Vermont Gov. Phil Scott, who is a Republican.
Many other states are “currently planning, drafting, discussing, or negotiating” such legislation for the “near future,” the Food Policy Center added.
“This isn’t a new idea, but it really picked up speed during the pandemic,” FRAC’s Bylander said. “I think there’s a lot of momentum around this issue.”
Some groups oppose universal free school meals
The policy of offering universal free school meals doesn’t seem to have buy-in across conservative circles.
For example, the blueprint for Project 2025 — a collection of policy plans developed by right-leaning groups and spearheaded by the Heritage Foundation — would “reject efforts” around universal free school meals, according to its text.
Democrats have pointed to Project 2025 as an example of what a second Trump term could look like.
The former president made statements distancing himself from the policy blueprint. But several people who formerly worked for Trump were involved in creating the playbook, and a recently resurfaced video from April 2022 shows Trump speaking at a Heritage Foundation gala about the group’s plans.
While in office, the Trump administration had extended the USDA waivers to offer universal free school meals.
A spokesperson for the Trump campaign didn’t respond to a request for comment.
Project 2025 would also “restore” the National School Lunch Program to its “original goal” of providing food to K-12 students of low-income families who would otherwise forgo a meal, and not include middle and higher earners.
“Federal school meals increasingly resemble entitlement programs that have strayed far from their original objective and represent an example of the ever-expanding federal footprint in local school operations,” according to the text.
